Step 1

• Have children use physical objects to demonstrate and solve these exercises, such as an abacus, toys, or beans.

Step 2

• Have children write out each problem and solution in equation form. For example, children write ‘4 – 2 = 2’ for ‘How many are 4 less 2?’

Step 3

• Assess mastery by reading aloud the listed problems and having the children mentally compute and recite the solutions.
• If children have difficulties, work with physical objects again and then reassess.