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Othniel: A Biblical Hero’s Journey

There were some nations that God did not have Joshua drive out from the promise land. Those nations were left as a test for Israel.

  • Judges 3:1-5
    •  Now these are the nations which the Lord left [in order] to test Israel by them (that is, all [the people of Israel] who had not [previously] experienced any of the wars in Canaan; 
    • only in order that the generations of the sons of Israel might be taught war, at least those who had not experienced it previously)
    • The remaining nations are:
      • the five lords (governors) of the Philistines,
      • all the Canaanites,
      • the Sidonians,
      • and the Hivites who lived on Mount Lebanon from Mount Baal-hermon to the entrance of Hamath. 
    • They were [allowed to remain] for the testing of Israel, to determine whether Israel would listen to and obey the commandments of the Lord, which He had commanded their fathers (ancestors) through Moses.

Israel was commanded not to intermarry.

  • Deuteronomy 7:3-4
    • You shall not intermarry with them; you shall not give your daughter to his son, nor shall you take his daughter for your son; 
    • for they will turn your sons away from following Me to serve other gods; then the anger of the Lord will be kindled and burn against you and He will quickly destroy you. 

Israel disobeyed.

  • Judges 3:5-6
    • And the Israelites lived among the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites; 
    • and they took their daughters for themselves as wives and gave their own daughters to their sons, and served their [pagan] gods.

God allowed Cushan-rishathaim the king of Mesopotamia to put them into bondage.

  • Cushan-rishathaim is often interpreted to mean “Cushan of double wickedness” or “Cushan of double iniquity,” reflecting his oppressive rule over Israel.
  • Cushan-rishathaim is described as the king of Aram Naharaim, which is often identified with the region of Mesopotamia, specifically the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
  • Aram Naharaim is better known as the Kingdom of Mitanni. This Kingdom came on the scene around 1600 BC

After 8 years of bondage the Children of Israel cried out to God.

  • Judges 3:9
    • But when the Israelites cried out to the Lord [for help], the Lord raised up a man to rescue the people of Israel, Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother. 

Othniel

  • Othniel means “lion of God.”
  • He was Caleb’s younger brother.
    • Caleb was one of the two honest 12 spies.
      • Numbers 13:6 from the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh
  • We 1st learn about Othniel in Joshua 15:13-17
    •  Now to Caleb the son of Jephunneh Joshua gave a portion among the sons of Judah, as the Lord commanded him, namely, Kiriath-arba, Arba being the father of Anak (that is, Hebron)
    • So Caleb drove out from there the three sons of Anak: Sheshai and Ahiman and Talmai, the children of Anak. 
    • Then he went up from there against the people of Debir; Debir was formerly named Kiriath-sepher. 
    • Caleb said, “I will give Achsah my daughter as wife to the man who attacks Kiriath-sepher and captures it.” 
    • And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s brother, captured it; so he gave him Achsah his daughter as a wife.

The spirit of God came upon Othniel.

  • Judges 3:10-11
    • The Spirit of the Lord came upon him, and he judged Israel. He went out to war, and the Lord gave Cushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand, and he prevailed over Cushan-rishathaim. 
    •  And the land was at rest [from oppression for] forty years. Then Othniel the son of Kenaz died.

This battle corresponds to the downfall of Aram Naharaim in the 14th century.

Key Judges Before Israelite Kings: A Historical List

Israel had many judges before they got a king. God would raise up a judge to deliver the Israelites from their oppressors. Here is a list of the first 12 judges of Isreal.

JudgeScripture ReferenceOppressorYears in bondageYears of Peace
OthnielJudges 3:7-11The king of Mesopotamia8 Years40 years of rest
EhudJudges 3:12-30Eglon, king of Moab18 Years 80 Years of rest
ShamgarJudges 3:31The Philistines? Doesn’t say? Doesn’t say
Deborah and BarakJudges 4:1-5:31Jabin, king of Canaan20 years40 years of rest
GideonJudges 6:1-8:35The Midianites7 years40 years of rest
TolaJudges 10:1-2? not listed? Doesn’t say23 years that he judged
JairJudges 10:3-5? not listed ? Doesn’t say22 years that he judged
JephthahJudges 10:6-12:7The Ammonites18 years 6 years
IbzanJudges 12:8-10? not listed ? Doesn’t say7 years
ElonJudges 12:11-12? not listed ? Doesn’t say10 years
AbdonJudges 12:13-15? not listed ? Doesn’t say8 years
Samson13:1-16:31The Philistines40 Years20 years

For more information on the Judges read Understanding the Judges of Israel: A Deep Dive

Bible Studies: Lessons from People in Scripture

Studies about People in the Bible

We are able to learn many things when we study the life of people who has gone on before us. It is interesting to learn about how God was able to work in the lives of the various people. Remember those that don’t learn from the past are doomed to repeat the mistakes of the past. Below is a list of Bible Studies about various people. More will be added as time goes on. Bible studies about Jesus can be found here: Exploring the Life and Teachings of Jesus.

The Heritage of Caleb: A Deep Dive into His Ancestry

THE FAMILY BACKGROUND OF CALEB

Esau, the twin brother of Jacob, married a daughter of Ishmael (Abraham’s son through Hagar) and settled in Mount Seir. From his descendants came fourteen men known as “dukes,” a term from the Hebrew word alluph, meaning a captain of thousands. One of these dukes was named Kenaz. See Genesis chapter 36 for the listing of Esau’s children.

Caleb was the son of Jephunneh from the tribe of Judah. Jephunneh is described as a “Kenezite,” leading to the theory that he may have been the son of Kenaz, a duke, who married an Israelite woman from the tribe of Judah, making Caleb his son from this chosen tribe. See Numbers 32:12.

The name Caleb is said to mean “dog,” which might seem odd until you realize that in Akkadian, the related word was a metaphor for a loyal servant of the king. Caleb showed this kind of loyalty to both God and Moses, faithfully following God’s instructions and taking action to claim the land from the Canaanites.

Othniel, the son of Kenaz and the younger brother of Caleb (Judges 1:13), shared the same conquering spirit as Caleb. He later went on to become the first judge of Israel (Judges 3:9-10).

Wife of EsauSons of EsauGrandsons of Esau
 Adah (daughter of Elon the Hittite)Eliphaz1. Duke Teman
2. Duke Omar
3. Duke Zepho
4. Duke Kenaz (Othniel is a descendant, and it is possible that Jephunneh is also a descendant)
5. Duke Korah
6. Duke Gatam
7. Duke Amalek (the father of the Amalekites)
Basemath (Ishmael’s Daughter)Reuel1. Duke Nahath
2. Duke Zerah
3. Duke Shammah
4. Duke Mizzah
Aholibamah (daughter of Anah)Duke Jeush?
Aholibamah (daughter of Anah)Duke Jaalam?
Aholibamah (daughter of Anah)Duke Korah?

How Balaam Led Israel into Sin: A Biblical Analysis

THE BALAAM STRATEGY (Numbers Chapters 22-25)
The story of the prophet Balaam offers an important spiritual lesson relevant for believers today. God grants a unique gift to speak blessings or curses into existence. The King of Moab, Balak, tries to hire Balaam to curse the people of Israel.

  • Numbers 22:5-7 He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying, Behold, there is a people come out from Egypt: behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over against me:
  • Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me: peradventure I shall prevail, that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land: for I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest is cursed.
  • And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and spake unto him the words of Balak.

However, every time Balaam opens his mouth to curse, blessings pour out instead. Balak keeps pressuring him with rewards, but Balaam tells the king, “How shall I curse whom God has not cursed? Or how shall I defy whom the Lord has not defied?” (Num. 23:8). After several attempts, Balaam cannot speak evil against Israel. So why is his name viewed so negatively in Scripture? The New Testament mentions Balaam in three passages, and when we put them together, a different side of the story emerges.

  • 2 Peter 2:15 Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness;
  • Jude 11 Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core.
  • Revelation 2:14 But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication.

Balaam’s wrongdoing was one of compromise, accepting payment from Balak to plot against God’s people. When his attempt to curse them failed and he could only speak the words God gave him, Balaam devised a plan that would tarnish his name among the Hebrews forever. Knowing he couldn’t directly curse Israel, he realized that if they sinned against God, God Himself would be obliged to bring judgment on them. His new scheme aimed to lead the Hebrew people into breaking God’s commandments, ensuring they brought disfavor and punishment upon themselves.

The plan involved introducing some Moabite women to the young Hebrew men in the Israelite camp. These women could entice the men into acts of sexual immorality, leading to a plague on the nation. Numbers 25:1-3 describes how this unfolded.

  • And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab. And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods. And Israel joined himself unto Baalpeor: and the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel.

The plan works. The women of Moab mix with the sons of the Hebrews, and a plague sweeps through the camp, taking twenty-four thousand lives (see Num. 25:9). Moses calls for harsh punishment for those who broke the rules. With so many people, sin and rebellion could quickly spread and cause the loss of God’s favor.

As believers, when we walk in love and live by the New Covenant, we enjoy God’s blessings in every area of life—spirit, mind, soul, family, finances, and health.

  • 3 John 2 Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth.

When we drift from the truth and fall into sin, we not only give the enemy an opportunity but also cut off the flow of spiritual blessings. Knowing he can’t curse believers—since we’ve been “redeemed from the curse”

  • Galatians 3:13 Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree:

The enemy works to tempt us into disobeying God and His Word. Without repentance, we open ourselves to discipline and judgment for our sins.

  • Hebrews 12:5-8 And ye have forgotten the exhortation which speaketh unto you as unto children, My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of him:
  • For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth.
  • If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons; for what son is he whom the father chasteneth not?
  • But if ye be without chastisement, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards, and not sons.

Hezekiah and Sennacherib

HEZEKIAH AND SENNACHERIB

Sennacherib, the King of Assyria, invaded the land of Judah, and threatened to lay siege to Jerusalem. Then Hezekiah took counsel with his princes and mighty men, and repaired the broken walls, and made them higher. He made many other preparations for the defense of the city, and went among his people, exhorting them to trust in God, and be of good courage. But Sennacherib sent messengers to induce those that guarded the walls of the city to revolt against Hezekiah, saying, “Do not believe this Hezekiah when he tells you that your God will deliver you; hath any of the nations against which I have made war been delivered by their gods?”

When Hezekiah heard these words he went into the house of the Lord, and sent messengers to Isaiah, asking for his prayers. Isaiah said to them, “Thus saith the Lord, ‘Be not afraid of the words with which the King of Assyria hath blasphemed Me. I will send a blast upon him, and he shall return and shall fall by the sword in his own land.'” Afterwards the King of Assyria sent a letter to Hezekiah, in which he repeated his sneers at the power of God. When Hezekiah read it, he went into the house of the Lord, and spreading the letter before the Lord, prayed for His help. God answered, by the mouth of Isaiah, that the King of Assyria should not enter Jerusalem, nor shoot over it, but be turned back the way he came. And the same night the angel of the Lord went into the camp of the Assyrians, and smote one hundred and eighty-five thousand. Then Sennacherib returned to Nineveh, and as he was worshipping in the house of his god, there came to him two of his sons, who killed him.

HEZEKIAH LAYING THE LETTER BEFORE GOD.

David and Jonathan

DAVID AND JONATHAN

Jonathan was the son of Saul, the king. He loved David greatly, and regretted that his father, through jealousy, sought David’s life. David, after the last attempt of Saul to smite him to the wall by a javelin, fled away, and meeting with Jonathan said: “What have I done? What is mine iniquity, and what is my sin before thy father that he seeketh my life?”

Jonathan sympathised deeply with his friend, and tried to save him. He promised to ascertain whether Saul fully intended to kill David, and, if so, to inform him, that he might escape. Meantime David was to remain in hiding, but on the third day Jonathan was to return with the required information. Before they parted they entered into a solemn covenant, one with the other, to remain firm friends during life; and David promised to show kindness to Jonathan and his children, after God should make him king.

At the time appointed, after ascertaining that Saul still sought David’s life, Jonathan went to the field where David lay concealed. Jonathan took with him his bow and arrows and a little lad. Shooting an arrow beyond the lad, he cried, “Make speed, haste, stay not!” These words were intended as a warning to David to flee quickly. When the lad had gone, David arose from his hiding place and came to Jonathan, bowing three times before him. Then they kissed each other, wept, and again pledged themselves to be faithful; after which David fled, and Jonathan returned to the city.

Esther Before the King

ESTHER BEFORE THE KING

Ahasuerus reigned over the vast empire of Persia, and Esther, the adopted daughter of a Jew named Mordecai, was Queen. None in the palace knew she was a Jewess, for Mordecai had charged her not to make it known. He abode in the king’s palace, and was one of the king’s servants.

Ahasuerus promoted Haman, one of his courtiers, a cruel and wicked man, to be over all his princes and officers; and all bowed down to Haman and did him reverence except Mordecai, the Jew. Then was Haman filled with wrath against Mordecai and his people, and obtained from the king a decree ordering that all the Jews throughout his dominions should be slain. Mordecai informed Queen Esther of this decree, and bade her go to the king and plead for her people. Now it was one of the laws of the palace that no one should approach the king in the inner court unless he had been previously called; the penalty for not obeying this law being death, unless the king should hold out the golden sceptre to the offender so that he might live. Esther knew the danger of approaching the king uncalled for, but she bade Mordecai to gather the Jews so that they might spend three days in fasting and prayer, while she and her maidens did the same, and, said she, “So will I go in unto the king, which is not according to the law, and if I perish, I perish.”

Esther went in. The king graciously held out the golden sceptre to her, accepted her invitation to a banquet, and finally ordered the wicked Haman to be hanged, and measures to be taken to preserve the lives of the Jews.

ESTHER BEFORE THE KING

Daniel and the Lions

DANIEL AND THE LIONS

When Darius came to the throne, upon the death of Belshazzar, he set over the kingdom a hundred and twenty princes. Over these he appointed three presidents, of whom Daniel was first. Now the princes and other presidents were jealous of Daniel, and sought to find some fault against him; but could not, as he was a faithful servant of the King. Then they tried to injure him because of his praying to God. So they came to the King, and said, “King Darius live for ever: all the great officers of thy kingdom have consulted together to establish a royal law, that whosoever shall ask a petition of any god or man for thirty days, save of thee, O King, he shall be cast into a den of lions.” The King signed the writing and established the law. But Daniel still knelt and prayed three times a day as before.

His enemies saw him praying, and told the King, urging him to carry out the law. But the King was angry with himself that he had agreed to such a law, and tried to think of some way to save Daniel. Then these men urged that the law could not be altered. So Daniel was cast into the den of lions, and a stone was put over the mouth of the den, which was sealed by the King and the lords. But the King had said to Daniel, “Thy God whom thou servest will deliver thee.”

The King passed the night fasting, and could not sleep. In the morning, very early, he arose and went to the den of lions, and cried with a lamentable voice, “O Daniel, servant of the living God, is thy God able to deliver thee from the lions?” Then Daniel said, “O King, live for ever. My God hath sent His angel and shut the lions’ mouths.”

DANIEL AND THE LIONS

Jonah at Nineveh

JONAH AT NINEVEH

Jonah was commanded to go to Nineveh, and cry out that the city should be destroyed on account of the wickedness of its inhabitants. But instead of obeying God’s command he fled in a ship that was bound for Tarshish. Then a great storm arose, and the shipmen cast Jonah into the sea, believing that the storm had been sent through his disobedience. God saved Jonah by means of a large fish, and brought him safely to land again.

A second time God said to Jonah, “Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great city, and preach unto it the preaching that I bid thee.” So Jonah arose and went as God had directed him. Now Nineveh was a very large city, about sixty miles in circumference, and Jonah went some distance inside and then cried out, “Yet forty days and Nineveh shall be overthrown!” It was a strange and terrible cry which sounded throughout the city, and as the Ninevites heard it they feared God, proclaimed a fast, covered themselves with sackcloth, and every man was commanded to forsake evil. So they hoped God would forgive them and spare their city.

God saw what they did and how they turned from their evil ways, therefore He spared their city. When Jonah saw that Nineveh was spared he was very angry, and prayed God to take away his life. He made a booth and sat under it to see what would become of the city. Then God sheltered him from the sun by a gourd, and afterwards taught him by it how wrong he was in being displeased because Nineveh had been spared. Nineveh was afterwards overthrown, and has remained since then but a heap of ruins.

JONAH AT NINEVEH