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LA HISTORIA DE LAS RAMAS DE PALMERA

Llegó a Betania, donde vivían sus amigas Marta y María.

Desde Jericó, Jesús y sus discípulos subieron a las montañas y llegaron a Betania, donde vivían sus amigas Marta y María, y donde había resucitado a Lázaro. Mucha gente en Jerusalén se enteró de que Jesús estaba allí y salieron de la ciudad para verlo, ya que Betania estaba a solo dos millas de Jerusalén. Algunos también fueron a ver a Lázaro, a quien Jesús había resucitado; pero los líderes de los judíos se decían entre sí:

«No solo debemos matar a Jesús, sino también a Lázaro, porque por su causa mucha gente sigue a Jesús y cree en él».

Los amigos de Jesús en Betania le prepararon una cena en casa de un hombre llamado Simón. Se le conocía como «Simón el leproso», y quizás era uno de los que Jesús había curado de la lepra. Jesús y sus discípulos, junto con Lázaro, se reclinaron en los divanes alrededor de la mesa, como invitados; y Marta era una de las que los atendían. Mientras cenaban, María, la hermana de Lázaro, entró en la habitación con un frasco sellado de un perfume muy valioso. Abrió el frasco y derramó parte del perfume sobre la cabeza de Jesús y parte sobre sus pies; y le secó los pies con su largo cabello. Y toda la casa se llenó de la fragancia del perfume.

Pero uno de los discípulos de Jesús, Judas Iscariote, no se alegró de esto. Dijo: «¿Por qué se ha desperdiciado así este perfume? Podría haberse vendido por más de cuarenta y cinco dólares, y el dinero se habría dado a los pobres».

Esto lo dijo, no porque le importaran los pobres. Judas era quien guardaba el dinero de Jesús y los doce; y era un ladrón, y se apropiaba para sí mismo de todo el dinero que podía robar. Pero Jesús dijo:

«Dejadla en paz; ¿por qué la criticáis? Ha hecho una buena obra conmigo. A los pobres siempre los tendréis con vosotros, y cuando queráis, podéis darles. Pero a mí no me tendréis siempre. Ella ha hecho lo que pudo; pues ha venido a ungir mi cuerpo para la sepultura. Y de cierto os digo que dondequiera que se predique el evangelio en todo el mundo, también se contará lo que esta mujer ha hecho, en memoria de ella».

Ella le secó los pies con su cabello.

Quizás María sabía lo que otros no creían: que Jesús pronto moriría; y mostró su amor por él y su dolor por su inminente muerte con este valioso regalo. Pero Judas, el discípulo que llevaba la bolsa del dinero, estaba muy enojado con Jesús; y desde ese momento buscaba una oportunidad para traicionarlo o entregarlo a sus enemigos. Fue a ver a los sumos sacerdotes y les dijo: «¿Qué me darán si les entrego a Jesús?»

Ellos respondieron: «Te daremos treinta monedas de plata».

Y por treinta monedas de plata, Judas prometió ayudarlos a capturar a Jesús y hacerlo prisionero.

A la mañana siguiente de la cena en Betania, Jesús llamó a dos de sus discípulos y les dijo:

«Vayan al pueblo vecino, a un lugar donde se cruzan dos caminos; allí encontrarán un asno atado y un pollino con él. Desátenlos y tráiganmelos. Si alguien les pregunta: “¿Por qué hacen esto?”, respondan: “El Señor los necesita”, y los dejarán ir».

Fueron al lugar y encontraron el asno y el pollino, y los estaban desatando cuando el dueño les preguntó:

«¿Qué están haciendo, desatando el asno?»

Y ellos respondieron, como Jesús les había dicho:

«El Señor lo necesita».

Entonces el dueño les entregó el asno y el pollino para que Jesús los usara. Los llevaron a Jesús en el Monte de los Olivos; y pusieron algunas de sus vestiduras sobre el pollino a modo de cojín, y sentaron a Jesús sobre él. Entonces todos los discípulos y una gran multitud extendieron sus mantos en el suelo para que Jesús cabalgara sobre ellos. Otros cortaron ramas de los árboles y las pusieron en el suelo. Y mientras Jesús cabalgaba por la montaña hacia Jerusalén, muchos caminaban delante de él agitando ramas de palmera. Y todos gritaban a una sola voz:

Extendieron sus vestiduras en el suelo para que Jesús cabalgara sobre ellas.

«¡Hosanna al Hijo de David! ¡Bendito el que viene en el nombre del Señor! ¡Bendito sea el reino de nuestro padre David, que viene en el nombre del Señor! ¡Hosanna en las alturas!»

Esto decían porque creían que Jesús era el Cristo, el Rey ungido; y esperaban que ahora estableciera su trono en Jerusalén. Algunos fariseos entre la multitud, que no creían en Jesús, le dijeron:

«Maestro, ¡reprende a tus discípulos!»

Pero Jesús respondió:

«Les digo que si estos callaran, ¡las piedras mismas clamarían!»

Y cuando entró en Jerusalén con toda aquella multitud, toda la ciudad se llenó de asombro. Preguntaban: «¿Quién es este?»

Y la multitud respondía:

«Este es Jesús, el profeta de Nazaret de Galilea.»

Y Jesús entró en el Templo y lo recorrió con la mirada; pero no se quedó, porque ya era tarde. Regresó a Betania y pasó allí la noche con sus amigos.

Esto sucedió el domingo, el primer día de la semana; y ese domingo del año se llama Domingo de Ramos, por las ramas de palma que la gente llevaba delante de Jesús.

Muchos lo escuchaban con alegría, pero la gran ciudad permaneció sorda a sus súplicas. «¡Oh Jerusalén, Jerusalén!», exclamó, «tú que matas a los profetas, ¡cuántas veces quise reunir a tus hijos, como la gallina reúne a sus polluelos bajo sus alas, y no quisisteis!»

La gran ciudad hizo caso omiso de sus súplicas.

During three centuries there had been peace between Christians and Muslims except in Spain and in the eastern Roman Empire, the two states defending the gateways of Europe. The Muslims having conquered Syria in the seventh century were in possession of the Holy Land. But they regarded Jesus as a great prophet (though not quite as great as Mohammed), and they did not interfere with the pilgrims who wished to pray in the church which Saint Helena, the mother of the Emperor Constantine, had built on the spot of the Holy Grave. But early in the eleventh century, a Tartar tribe from the wilds of Asia, called the Seljuks or Turks, became masters of the Muslim state in western Asia and then the period of tolerance came to an end. The Turks took all of Asia Minor away from the eastern Roman Emperors and they made an end to the trade between east and west.

Alexis, the Emperor, who rarely saw anything of his Christian neighbors of the west, appealed for help and pointed to the danger which threatened Europe should the Turks take Constantinople.

The Italian cities which had established colonies along the coast of Asia Minor and Palestine, in fear for their possessions, reported terrible stories of Turkish atrocities and Christian suffering. All Europe got excited.

Pope Urban II, a Frenchman from Reims, who had been educated at the same famous cloister of Cluny which had trained Gregory VII, thought that the time had come for action. The general state of Europe was far from satisfactory. The primitive agricultural methods of that day (unchanged since Roman times) caused a constant scarcity of food. There was unemployment and hunger and these are apt to lead to discontent and riots. Western Asia in older days had fed millions. It was an excellent field for the purpose of immigration.

Therefore at the council of Clermont in France in the year 1095 the Pope arose, described the terrible horrors which the infidels had inflicted upon the Holy Land, gave a glowing description of this country which ever since the days of Moses had been overflowing with milk and honey, and exhorted the knights of France and the people of Europe in general to leave wife and child and deliver Palestine from the Turks.

A wave of religious hysteria swept across the continent. All reason stopped. Men would drop their hammer and saw, walk out of their shop and take the nearest road to the east to go and kill Turks. Children would leave their homes to “go to Palestine” and bring the terrible Turks to their knees by the mere appeal of their youthful zeal and Christian piety. Fully ninety percent of those enthusiasts never got within sight of the Holy Land. They had no money. They were forced to beg or steal to keep alive. They became a danger to the safety of the highroads and they were killed by the angry country people.

An unofficial crusade, a wild mob of honest Christians, defaulting bankrupts, penniless noblemen and fugitives from justice, following the lead of half-crazy Peter the Hermit and Walter-without-a-Cent, began their campaign against the Infidels by murdering all the Jews whom they met by the way. They got as far as Hungary and then they were all killed.

This experience taught the Church a lesson. Enthusiasm alone would not set the Holy Land free. Organization was as necessary as good-will and courage. A year was spent in training and equipping an army of 200,000 men. They were placed under command of Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert, duke of Normandy, Robert, count of Flanders, and a number of other noblemen, all experienced in the art of war.

In the year 1096 this official First Crusade started upon its long voyage. At Constantinople the knights did homage to the Emperor. (For as I have told you, traditions die hard, and a Roman Emperor, however poor and powerless, was still held in great respect). Then they crossed into Asia, killed all the Muslims who fell into their hands, stormed Jerusalem, massacred the Muslim population, and marched to the Holy Sepulcher to give praise and thanks amidst tears of piety and gratitude. But soon the Turks were strengthened by the arrival of fresh troops. Then they retook Jerusalem and in turn killed the faithful followers of the Cross.

During the next two centuries, seven other crusades took place. Gradually the Crusaders learned the technique of the trip. The land voyage was too tedious and too dangerous. They preferred to cross the Alps and go to Genoa or Venice where they took ship for the east. The Genoese and the Venetians made this trans-Mediterranean passenger service a very profitable business. They charged exorbitant rates, and when the Crusaders (most of whom had very little money) could not pay the price, these Italian “profiteers” kindly allowed them to “work their way across.” In return for a fare from Venice to Acre, the Crusader undertook to do a stated amount of fighting for the owners of their vessel. In this way Venice greatly increased her territory along the coast of the Adriatic and in Greece, where Athens became a Venetian colony, and in the islands of Cyprus and Crete and Rhodes.

All this, however, helped little in settling the question of the Holy Land. After the first enthusiasm had worn off, a short crusading trip became part of the liberal education of every well-bred young man, and there never was any lack of candidates for service in Palestine. But the old zeal was gone. The Crusaders, who had begun their warfare with deep hatred for the Muslims and great love for the Christian people of the eastern Roman Empire and Armenia, suffered a complete change of heart. They came to despise the Greeks of Byzantium, who cheated them and frequently betrayed the cause of the Cross, and the Armenians and all the other Levantine races, and they began to appreciate the virtues of their enemies who proved to be generous and fair opponents.

Of course, it would never do to say this openly. But when the Crusader returned home, they were likely to imitate the manners which he had learned from their foe, compared to whom the average western knight was still a good deal of a country bumpkin. They also brought with them several new food-stuffs, such as peaches and spinach which he planted in their garden and grew for their own benefit. They gave up the barbarous custom of wearing a load of heavy armor and appeared in the flowing robes of silk or cotton which were the traditional habit of the followers of the Prophet and were originally worn by the Turks. Indeed the Crusades, which had begun as a punitive expedition against their religious adversaries, became a course of general instruction in civilization for millions of young Europeans.

From a military and political point of view the Crusades were a failure. Jerusalem and a number of cities were taken and lost. A dozen little kingdoms were established in Syria and Palestine and Asia Minor, but they were re-conquered by the Turks and after the year 1244 (when Jerusalem became definitely Turkish) the status of the Holy Land was the same as it had been before 1095.

But Europe had undergone a great change. The people of the west had been allowed a glimpse of the light and the sunshine and the beauty of the east. Their dreary castles no longer satisfied them. They wanted a broader life. Neither Church nor State could give this to them.

They found it in the cities.

When Babylon captured Judah it took trophies – treasures from the house of God and Children (youth). The treasures from the house of God was placed in the treasure house of their god.

  • Daniel 1:1-5
    • In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon unto Jerusalem, and besieged it.
    • And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shinar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god.
    • And the king spake unto Ashpenaz the master of his eunuchs, that he should bring certain of the children of Israel, and of the king’s seed, and of the princes;
    • Children in whom was no blemish, but well favoured, and skilful in all wisdom, and cunning in knowledge, and understanding science, and such as had ability in them to stand in the king’s palace, and whom they might teach the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans.
    • 5And the king appointed them a daily provision of the king’s meat, and of the wine which he drank: so nourishing them three years, that at the end thereof they might stand before the king.

Daniel and three of his friends were among the children taken.

  • Daniel 1:6
    • Now among these were of the children of Judah, Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah:

The goal of taken the children was to indoctrinate them into the belief of the Babylonians. They did this by:

  • Isolation
    • took the children away from everyone and everything that they knew.
  • Inculturation
    • Education
      • whom they might teach the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans.
  • Integration
    • that at the end thereof they might stand before the king.
  • Identity changing
    • name changes: gave them new names that pointed away from who they were to who the Babylonians wanted them to be.
Old NameOld Name MeaningNew NameNew Name Meaning
DanielGod is my judgeBelteshazzar“Bel protects the king” or “Bel’s prince”. ‘Bel’ referring to the Babylonian god Marduk and ‘Shazar’ meaning ‘treasurer’ or ‘steward’.
HananiahYahweh is graciousShadrachservant of Aku” Aku was the Babylonian moon god.
Mishael“Who belongs to God?” Meshach“guest of a king”
AzariahYahweh has helpedAbednego “servant of Nego or Nebo

Names in those days had major meaning. Your name told you who you were. Your name was your identity. Therefore, the Babylonians gave them a new identity (a new name).

Daniel was respectful. This is evident with the prince of the eunuchs showing Daniel favor. However, Daniel stayed true to God.

  • Daniel 1:8-9
    • But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the portion of the king’s meat, nor with the wine which he drank: therefore he requested of the prince of the eunuchs that he might not defile himself.
    • Now God had brought Daniel into favour and tender love with the prince of the eunuchs.

Defile

  • גָּאַל gâʼal, gaw-al’; a primitive root, to soil or (figuratively) desecrate:—defile, pollute, stain.

Daniel chooses to stay pure and Holy before God. He does this by following God’s laws. The laws concerning food are linked to purity, holiness, and being clean.

  • Leviticus 11:46-47
    • This is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth:
    • To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten.
  • Leviticus 10:9-10
    • And that ye may put difference between holy and unholy, and between unclean and clean;
  • Deuteronomy 14:2-3
    • For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God, and the Lord hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.
    •  Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.
  • Deuteronomy 14:21
    • Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother’s milk.

For more information read: The Significance of Clean and Unclean Foods in the Bible.

Today we are called to be in the world but not of the world. This is similar to the situation that Daniel found himself in. He was in the world (Babylon), but he refused to be of the world. He refused to defile himself by letting the world in him.

Here is a potation of a prayer that Jesus prayed before going to the cross. Notice how Jesus prays for us.

John 17:14-21

  • I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.
  • I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil.
  • They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.
  • Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.
  • As thou hast sent me into the world, even so have I also sent them into the world.
  • And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be sanctified through the truth.
  • Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on me through their word;
  • That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me.

A 10-day test period was granted to Daniel and his three friends. At the end of the test period, Daniel and his friends did better than the others.

Daniel 1:15-16

  •  And at the end of ten days their countenances appeared fairer and fatter in flesh than all the children which did eat the portion of the king’s meat.
  • 16 Thus Melzar took away the portion of their meat, and the wine that they should drink; and gave them pulse.

At the end of the three years, Daniel and his friends were still better than the rest.

Daniel 1:17-20

  • As for these four children, God gave them knowledge and skill in all learning and wisdom: and Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams.
  • Now at the end of the days that the king had said he should bring them in, then the prince of the eunuchs brought them in before Nebuchadnezzar.
  • And the king communed with them; and among them all was found none like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: therefore stood they before the king.
  • And in all matters of wisdom and understanding, that the king enquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and astrologers that were in all his realm.

It is always better to be Holy and not defile yourself with the world than to fit in with the world.

The Story of Doctor Dolittle” by Hugh Lofting is a children’s novel published in 1920. When a kindly physician learns to speak with animals, he abandons his failing medical practice to become a veterinarian. His new calling leads him on an extraordinary voyage to Africa to cure a monkey epidemic. Along the way, he faces shipwrecks, imprisonment, pirates, and exotic creatures—including the rare pushmi-pullyu. This tale of adventure and animal communication became the first in a beloved series, though it has sparked controversy for its colonial-era themes.

Warning to Parents: Chapters 11 and 12 of the original Dr. Dolittle contain objectionable content. These chapters were modernized by Under the Home, but the Gutenberg link on the textbook page leads to an original copy of Dr. Dolittle with the objectionable content.

CHAPTERS

The Story of Doctor Dolittle Chapter 2 Vocabulary
The Story of Doctor Dolittle Chapter 4: A Message from Africa Vocabulary Words
Chapter 6: Polynesia and the King Vocabulary words




VII The Bridge of Apes
VIII The Leader of the Lions
IX The Monkeys’ Council
X The Rarest Animal of All
XI The Black Prince
XII Medicine and Magic
XIII Red Sails and Blue Wings
XIV The Rats’ Warning
XV The Barbary Dragon
XVI Too-Too, the Listener
XVII The Ocean Gossips
XVIII Smells
XIX The Rock
XX The Fisherman’s Town
XXI Home Again

Directions

Gather 25 pennies, 5 nickels, 2 dimes, and 3 quarters per child.

Have children complete the steps below.

Have children practice until they perfectly master each task.

STEP 1 – WHAT IS A QUARTER?

Children identify the quarter.

  • Direct the children to examine the front and back of a quarter. Ask the children to verbally describe what they see.
  • Have children hold up a penny and recite, ‘1 penny is worth 1 cent.’
  • Have children hold up a nickel and recite, ‘1 nickel is worth 5 cents.’
  • Have children hold up a dime and recite, ‘1 dime is worth 10 cents.’
  • Have children hold up a quarter and recite, ‘1 quarter is worth 25 cents.’

STEP 2 – COMBINE AND SEPARATE

Children combine and separate groups of pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters.

  • Ask children to group 25 pennies together.
  • Tell children to move 1 quarter next to the 25 pennies. Have them recite, ‘1 quarter is worth 25 pennies.’
  • Tell children to remove the pennies and to move 5 nickels next to the quarter. Have them recite, ‘5 nickels are worth 1 quarter.’
  • Tell children to remove the nickels and to move 2 dimes and 1 nickel next to the 1 quarter. Have them recite, ‘2 dimes and 1 nickel are worth 1 quarter.’

STEP 3 – PLAY STORE

Play store with children, where children show the amount of money required to buy pretend items.

  • Give each child 1 quarter, 1 dime, 1 nickel, and 5 pennies. Say to children, ‘A pen costs 42 cents. Show me which coins you must give to the cashier.’
  • Give each child 2 quarters, 1 dime, 1 nickel, and 5 pennies. Say to children, ‘A toy boat costs 63 cents. Show me which coins you must give to the cashier.’
  • Give each child 3 quarters, 1 dime, 1 nickel, and 5 pennies. Say to children, ‘A bell pepper costs 84 cents. Show me which coins you must give to the cashier.’

Nuts are actually a type of fruit, defined as dry, single-seeded fruits with high oil content, usually encased in a leathery or hard outer shell. In botanical terms, a true nut has a single seed, a hard shell, and a protective husk—like chestnuts, hazelnuts, pecans, and walnuts. Peanuts and almonds, however, aren’t true nuts; peanuts are legumes, and almonds are surrounded by a fleshy coating similar to a plum. True nut or not, these tasty fruits are enjoyed by people all over the world.

Facts about nuts:

  1. Types of nuts include hazelnuts, birch nuts, chestnuts, acorns, and hickory nuts.
  2. Peanuts are not nuts. They are legumes, like peas and beans.
  3. Coconuts, almonds, macadamia, pistachio, pecan, walnuts, and cashews are also not true nuts.

Acorns

Acorns are the nuts that come from oak trees (Quercus spp.) and were once a staple food for many indigenous peoples of North America. They were especially important in California, where multiple oak species grow in the same areas.

Acorns were a great food source for Native Americans because they could be stored for many years. Photo by Teresa Prendusi.

White Oak (Quercus alba). Photo by Larry Stritch.

These hard-shelled fruits were an important food source because if properly treated in the sun, they could be stored for several years and used when needed. Acorns were stored in caches or on tall poles to protect them from being eaten by squirrels. When prepared for use in foods the ground acorn flower was rinsed in a stream to remove bitter tasting tannins.

  • Native American tribes used fire to promote the production of acorns within oak groves.
  • Ground fires were used to kill the larvae of acorn moths and acorn weevils that can prove disastrous to the acorn crop.
  • Burning occurred during the dormancy period in the soil, and the fires released nutrients bound in dead leaves and other plant debris into the soil.
  • Most North American oaks tolerate light fires, especially when consistent burning has eliminated woody fuel accumulation around their trunks.

Black Walnuts

Black Walnuts (Juglans nigra) are native to North America. The nuts are primarily used in ice cream and candy.

  • Walnut trees are notorious for inhibiting growth of other plants around them. They produce chemicals in their leaves that are leached out by rain and soak into ground around the trunk.
  • Farmers planted these trees around farm animals to keep the flies away because they erroneously believed that the trees contained insecticides.
Black walnuts (Juglans nigra) have a strong taste and a very hard shell.

Pecans

Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) are a valuable nut species native to the American Southeast. Today, they’re widely cultivated across the southeastern United States and play a big role in the region’s cuisine.

In the past, native peoples and early American settlers enjoyed pecans because they were easy to find along major waterways and much simpler to shell than other North American nuts.

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Photo by Jerry A. Payne, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.

source: Forest Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Food is considered clean or unclean for eating. Food that is kosher is considered clean (fitting for eating).

God gave these food laws as a means of separating His people from the pagans. This obedience to these laws was a matter of Holiness.

  • Leviticus 11:46-47
    • This is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth:
    • To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten.
  • Leviticus 10:9-10
    • And that ye may put difference between holy and unholy, and between unclean and clean;
  • Deuteronomy 14:2-3
    • For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God, and the Lord hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.
    •  Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.
  • Deuteronomy 14:21
    • Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother’s milk.

Here is a summary of the Laws.

Of the “beasts of the earth” (which basically refers to land mammals with the exception of swarming rodents), you may eat any animal that has cloven hooves and chews its cud. Lev. 11:3; Deut. 14:6. Any land mammal that does not have both of these qualities is forbidden.

  Not Allowed  Allowed
  Camel  Cattle
  Rabbit/ Hare  Sheep
  Pig  Goats
  Dog  Deer
 cat  Bison

Of the things that are in the waters, you may eat anything that has fins and scales. Lev. 11:9; Deut. 14:9.

  Not Allowed  Allowed
  lobsters  tuna
  shrimp  carp
  clams  salmon
  crabs  herring

For birds, the criteria are less clear. The Torah provides a list of forbidden birds (Lev. 11:13‑19; Deut. 14:11‑18) but does not specify why these particular birds are forbidden. All of the birds on the list are birds of prey or scavengers, thus the rabbis inferred that this was the basis for the distinction. Other birds are permitted, such as chicken, geese, ducks and turkeys. However, some people avoid turkey, because it is was unknown at the time of the giving of the Torah, leaving room for doubt.

Of the “winged swarming things” (winged insects), a few are specifically permitted (Lev. 11:22), but the Sages are no longer certain which ones they are, so all have been forbidden. There are communities that have a tradition about what species are permitted, and in those communities some insects are eaten.

Rodents, reptiles, amphibians, and insects (except as mentioned above) are all forbidden. Lev. 11:29‑30, 42‑43.

Any product derived from these forbidden animals, such as their milk, eggs, fat, or organs, also cannot be eaten. Rennet, an enzyme used to harden cheese, is often obtained from non‑kosher animals, thus kosher hard cheese can be difficult to find.

Today we are still called to be Holy.

  • 1 Peter 1:15-16
    • But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation;
    • Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.

“Manner of conversation” is a phrase:

  • STRONGS G391:ἀναστροφή-ῆς, (from the passive ἀναστρέφομαι, see the preceding word), properly, ‘walk,’ i. e. manner of life, behavior, conduct

 Jeremiah 7:8-12

“Behold, you are trusting in deceptive and useless words that bring no benefit. Will you steal, murder, commit adultery, swear [oaths] falsely, offer sacrifices or burn incense to Baal, and follow after other gods that you have not known, 10 and [then dare to] come and stand before Me in this house, which is called by My Name, and say, ‘We are protected and set free [by this act of religious ritual]!’—only to go on with this wickedness and these disgusting and loathsome things? 11 Has this house, which is called by My Name, become a den of robbers in your eyes [a place of retreat for you between acts of violence]? Behold, I Myself have seen it,” says the Lord.

12 “But go now to My place which was in Shiloh [in Ephraim], where I first set My Name, and see what I did to it because of the wickedness of My people Israel. 

Jeremiah 7:11

11 Has this house, which is called by My name, become a den of robbers in your sight? Behold, I Myself have seen it,” declares the Lord.

Isaiah 56:7

Even those I will bring to My holy mountain,
And make them joyful in My house of prayer.
Their burnt offerings and their sacrifices will be acceptable on My altar;
For My house will be called a house of prayer for all the peoples.”

Matthew 21:10-17

When He entered Jerusalem, all the city was trembling [with excitement], saying, “Who is this?” 11 And the crowds were saying, “This is the prophet Jesus, from Nazareth in Galilee.”

Cleansing the Temple

12 And Jesus entered the temple [grounds] and drove out [with force] all who were buying and selling [birds and animals for sacrifice] in the temple area, and He turned over the tables of the moneychangers [who made a profit exchanging foreign money for temple coinage] and the chairs of those who were selling doves [for sacrifice]. 13 Jesus said to them, “It is written [in Scripture], ‘My house shall be called a house of prayer’; but you are making it a robbers’ den.”

14 And the blind and the lame came to Him in [the porticoes and courts of] the temple area, and He healed them. 15 But when the chief priests and the scribes saw the wonderful and miraculous things that Jesus had done, and heard the boys who were shouting in [the porticoes and courts of] the temple [in praise and adoration], “Hosanna to the Son of David (the Messiah),” they became indignant 16 and they said to Him, “Do You hear what these children are saying?” And Jesus replied to them, “Yes; have you never read [in the Scripture], ‘Out of the mouths of infants and nursing babies You have prepared and provided praise for Yourself’?” 17 Then He left them and went out of the city to Bethany and spent the night there.

Jesus had just entered into the city. He went to the temple. He found that they had turned what should have been a Holy place of prayer and worship into a den of thieves (Jer. 7:11 and Mat. 21:13). This was the second time that he cleaned the temple. At the 1st Passover that Jesus attended after beginning his earthly ministry he cleaned the temple for the same reason. The people thought that they were good (Jer. 7:10) when in fact they were heading for destruction (Jer. 7:12). Jesus had come to earth to live and die in order to save the world from sin so that they could have eternal life. However, that involves the removal of some things. Even today we must allow Jesus to clean the temple (our body).

  • 1 Corinthians 6:19-20
    • What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own?
    • For ye are bought with a price: therefore, glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God’s.

First Passover—Cleansing the Temple

13 Now the Passover of the Jews was approaching, so Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 14 And in the temple [enclosure], He found the people who were selling oxen and sheep and doves, and the money changers sitting at their tables15 He made a whip of cords, and drove them all out of the temple, with the sheep and the oxen; and He scattered the coins of the money changers and overturned their tables; 16 then to those who sold the doves He said, “Take these things away! Stop making My Father’s house a place of commerce!” 17 His disciples remembered that it is written [in the Scriptures], “Zeal (love, concern) for Your house [and its honor] will consume Me.” 18 Then the Jews retorted, “What sign (attesting miracle) can You show us as [proof of] your authority for doing these things?” 19 Jesus answered them, “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.” 20 Then the Jews replied, “It took forty-six years to build this temple, and You will raise it up in three days?” 21 But He was speaking of the temple which was His body. 22 So when He had risen from the dead, His disciples remembered what He had said. And they believed and trusted in and relied on the Scripture and the words that Jesus had spoken.

It was after cleaning the temple for the 1st time that he explained that His body was the temple. It is interesting to note that both cleaning were at the time of Passover.

Jesus is referred to as the Passover Lamb in the Bible, symbolizing his sacrifice for humanity

  • 1 Corinthians 5:7: “For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed.”
    • This verse emphasizes that Jesus’ sacrifice fulfills the role of the Passover lamb, which was central to the Passover celebration.
  • John 1:29: “The next day he saw Jesus coming toward him, and said, ‘Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!'”
    • This declaration by John the Baptist identifies Jesus as the sacrificial lamb, linking him to the Passover tradition.
  • Matthew 26:17: “Now on the first day of the Feast of the Unleavened Bread, the disciples came to Jesus, saying, ‘Where do You want us to prepare for You to eat the Passover?'”
    • This verse sets the context for the Last Supper, which was a Passover meal.
  • Exodus 12:13: “The blood shall be a sign for you on the houses where you live; and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and no plague will befall you to destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt.”
    • This Old Testament verse establishes the significance of the Passover lamb’s blood, which is echoed in the New Testament through Jesus’ sacrifice.
  • Luke 22:15: “And He said to them, ‘I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.'”
    • This verse highlights Jesus’ intention to celebrate Passover with his disciples before his crucifixion, linking his impending sacrifice to the Passover celebration.

Serves 6

Ingredients

  • 6 cups tomato juice
  • 1.5-ounce package spaghetti-sauce mix, Italian style
  • 1 small onion, [diced]
  • 1 cup uncooked small-shell or elbow macaroni [Cooked according to package instructions]
  • 3/4 cup diced green pepper
  • 3/4 cup celery [diced]
  • 4-ounce can mushroom, [diced]
  • Meatballs, browned
  • 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
  • Grated Parmesan or Romano cheese

What to do:

  1. In large, kettle, mix tomato juice and spaghetti-sauce mix; place over medium heat.
  2. While juice is heating, brown meatballs in vegetable oil in heavy frying pan over medium heat.
  3. Add to juice mixture. Using same frying pan, sauté vegetables until onion is transparent, about 15 minutes.
  4. Add to juice mixture; simmer 30 minutes stirring occasionally
  5. Add cooked macaroni; bring to simmer.
  6. Serve in bowls with a teaspoon of grated cheese sprinkle on top.


Variation:

Replace macaroni with 15-ounce can ravioli or its equivalent of fresh or frozen ravioli or tortellini
cooked according to package instructions. A green salad with an Italian dressing, garlic toast or hard-crust Italian bread and a dessert will make a good meal for a hungry group.

Chapter 7: The Bridge of Apes

Vocabulary

Gnashed: Grind (one’s teeth) together.
Rage: Violent anger.
Mutton: The meat of mature sheep.
Mammoth: A large hairy extinct elephant with curved tusks.
Cliff: A steep rock face.